The composition measurement with by far the greatest sensitivity and rangeability is pH. Consider that pH routinely detects changes at 7 pH to the 9th decimal place and for a 0-14 pH scale covers 14 orders of magnitude of hydrogen ion concentration. New glass and reference designs have dramatically reduced drift even for the harshest conditions, such as high temperature and sterilization. References junctions can be easily replaced. Smart wireless transmitters have much better diagnostics and resolution.
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