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Manufacturing
In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled
artisan
with assistants. Training was by
apprenticeship
. In much of the pre-industrial world, the
guild
system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.
Before the
Industrial Revolution
, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to
agriculture
(and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the
putting-out system
.
Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm.